K10386: Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Entire Plant
*Cytotoxic Activity * Alcohol, Infusion & Decoction * * Cell Culture * * Conc Used 1.0 Mcg/ml Active against: Cells-daudi, Lymphocytes-human- Leukemic-im9, and Cells-molt 4

K10676: Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Entire Plant Brazil
* Immunostimulant Activity * Decoction * * Cell Culture * Conc Used 100.0 Mcg/ml Active Splenocytes(mouse)
* Interleukin II Receptor Gene Stimulation * Decoction * *Cell Culture Conc Used Not Stated Active Splenocytes(mouse)
* Lymphocyte Stimulation * Decoction * * Cell Culture Conc Used 100.0 Mcg/ml * Active Splenocytes(mouse)

K10677: Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Entire Plant Brazil
* Interferon Induction Stimulation * Decoction * * Cell Culture Conc Used Not Stated Active Cells-CTLL-2
* Interleukin-4 Formation Stimulation * Decoction * * Cell Culture Conc Used Not Stated Active Cells-ctll-2
* Interleukin-II Formation Stimulation * Decoction * * Cell Culture Conc Used Not Stated Active Cells-CTLL-2
* Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells Enhancement * Decoction Ip Mouse Dose Not Stated Active Lymphokinine Activited Killer(lak) Cells
* Natural Killer Cell Enhancement * Decoction * Ip * Mouse * Dose Not Stated Active Cells-nk Natural Killer Cell Activity Was Increased 100%.

M27460: Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Entire Plant Brazil
Analgesic Activity * Hot H2O Ext * Oral * Human Adult * * Dose 15.0 Gm/liter * Equivocal * * * A one-week cross-over double blind trial of the analgesic effects of given extract in 22 patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis was carried out. 200 ml of filtered extract was taken daily. There were significant reductions in pain in both the experimental and placebo treatment, and no significant difference between these two regimes. 5 patients reported mild side effects.

K07464: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Entire Plant Colombia
*Cell Proliferation Inhibition * Etoh(95%)Ext * * Cell Culture Conc Used 100.0 Mcg/ml Active Lymphocytes-human
*Cell Proliferation Inhibition * Etoh(95%)Ext * Intragastric Mouse Dose 1.0 Mg/kg Active Bone Marrow
*Sister Chromatid Exchange Stimulation * Etoh(95%)Ext * * Cell Culture Conc Used 1.0 Mcg/ml Active Lymphocytes-human

M24758: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Leaf Brazil
*Antiproliferation Activity * Etoh(95%)Ext * * Cell Culture Conc Used Not Stated Active CA-IMA, Ca-mammary-mcf-7, Cells-daudi, Cells-molt 4, and Leuk-k562
*Antiproliferation Activity * H2o Ext * * Cell Culture * Conc Used Not Stated Active CA-IMA, Ca-mammary-mcf-7, Cells-daudi, Cells-molt 4, and Leuk-k562
*Antiproliferation Activity * Powder * * Cell Culture * * Conc Used Not Stated Active CA-IMA, Cells-daudi, Cells-molt 4, Leuk-k562

K09163: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Stem Cuba
*Antibacterial Activity * Acetone Ext * * Agar Plate * * Conc Used Not Stated Active Against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella newport, Sarcina lutea , Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri 3a
*Antibacterial Activity * Etoh(95%)Ext * * Agar Plate * * Conc Used Not Stated Active against: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
*Antibacterial Activity * H2O Ext * * Agar Plate * * Conc Used Not Stated Active Against: Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sarcina lutea, Shigella flexneri

K07661: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Leaf Brazil
* Hypoglycemic Activity * Aqueous-alcoholic Ext * Intragastric Mouse Dose 0.1 Gm/animal Active

M27151: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Leaf Guatemala
*Antifungal Activity * Hot H2o Ext * * Broth Culture * * Conc Used 1.0 Ml/ Active Epidermophyton Floccosum

M18488: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Fresh Leaf Brazil
*Analgesic Activity * Etoh-h2o(1:1) Ext * Intragastric * Mouse Dose 1.0 Gm/kg Active Vs.writhing Test.

A03361: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Leaf + Stem Jamaica
*Uterine Stimulant Effect * Hot H2o Ext * * Rat * Female * Dose 33.0 Ml/liter Weak Activity Uterus(unspec.cond)

A04807: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Part Not Specified
Insecticide Activity Plant Dose Not Stated Active

K18484: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Root Brazil
* Antiinflammatory Activity * Etoh(70%)Ext * External * Rat Male Conc Used 0.94 Mg/ear Active Vs.croton Oil-induced Irritation. Results Significant at P < 0.05 Level.
* Antiinflammatory Activity * Etoh(70%)Ext * External * Rat Male Dose 31.4 Mg/kg * Active 25.7% Inhibitory Effects after 7 Days of Treatment. Results Significant at P < 0.05 Level. Vs.cotton Pellet Granuloma.
*Irritant Activity * Etoh(70%)Ext * External * Rat * Male * Conc Used 10.0% / * Inactive * * Following 15 Days of Application.

A04680: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Root + Stem Mexico
* Antibacterial Activity * Etoh-h2o(1:1) Ext * * Agar Plate Conc Used Not Stated Active Several Gm + Org
* Antibacterial Activity * Etoh-h2o(1:1) Ext * * Agar Plate Conc Used Not Stated Active Several Gm - Org
* Antifungal Activity(plant Pathogens) * Etoh-h2o(1:1) Ext * Agar Plate Conc Used Not Stated Active Several Plant Pathogenic Fungi
* Antimycobacterial Activity * Etoh-h2o(1:1) Ext * * Agar Plate Conc Used Not Stated Active Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
* Antiyeast Activity * Etoh-h2o(1:1) Ext * * Agar Plate * Conc Used Not Stated Active Candida Albicans

T07238: Petiveria Alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) Dried Rootbark
* Phagocytosis Stimulation * Etoh(95%)Ext * Ip * Mouse * Male Dose 0.5 Ml/animal Weak Activity
* Phagocytosis Stimulation * Unsaponifiable Fraction * Ip * Mouse * Male * Dose 0.5 Ml/animal Active

LITERATURE CITED

A03361 Further Pharmacological Screening of Some West Indian Medicinal Plants. Feng, P. Et.al., J Pharm Pharmacol 16 : 115- (1964)

A04680 Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Synthesis of an Antimicrobial Substance from Petiveria alliacea. Von Szczepanski,c. et.al., Arzneim-forsch 22 : 1975- (1972)

A04807 Insecticidal Tests of Plants from Tropical America. Sievers, A. et.al., J Econ Entomol 42 : 549- (1949)

K07464 Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of a Folk Medicine, Petiveria alliaceae (Anamu). Hoyos, L. et.al Mutat Res 280 1: 29-34 (1992)

K07661 Petiveria alliaceae L. (Anamu). Study of the Hypoglycemic Effect. Lores, R.I., et.al. Med Interne 28 4: 347-352 (1990)

K09163 The Biological Assessment of Cuban Plants.III, .Misas, C.A.J.: Rev Cub Med Trop 31 1: 21-27 (1979)

K10386 In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Petiveria alliacea L. on Several Tumor Cell Lines. Jovicevic, L: Pharmacol Res 27 1: 105-106 (1993)

K10676 Effects of Petiveria alliacea L. on Cell Innunity. Rossi, V: Pharmacol Res 27 1: 111-112 (1993)

K10677 Effects of Petiveria alliacea L. on Cytokine Production and Natural Killer Cell Activity Marini, S: Pharmacol Res 27 1: 107-108 (1993)

K18484 Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity and Toxicityof Petiveria Alliaceae. Germano, D., et.al., . Fitoterapia 64 5: 459-467 (1993)

M18488 Screening in Mice of Some Medicinal Plants Used for Analgesic Purposes in the State of Sao Paulo. Di Stasi, L., et.al., J Ethnopharmacol 24 2/3: 205-211 (1988)

M24758 Antiproliferative Effects of Petiveria alliacea on Several Tumor Cell Lines. Rossi, V.: Pharmacol Res Suppl 22 2: 434-. (1990)

M27151 Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Dermatophytic Infections. 1. Screening for Antimycotic Activity of 44 Plant Extracts. Caceres, A., et.al. J Ethnopharmacol 31 3: 263-276 (1991)

M27460 Tipi. A Popular Analgesic Tea: A Double-blind Cross-over Trial in Osteoarthritis. Ferraz, M.B., et.al.: Clin Exp Rheumatol 9 2: 205-206 (1991)

T07238 Stimulation of the Phagocytic Activity Ofreticuloedothelial System by Plant Drugs. Delaveau, P: Planta Med 40 : 49-54 (1980

Berger I, et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Sep;62(2):107-15.

An Insecticidal and Acaricidal Polysulfide Metabolite from the Roots of Petiveria alliacea L Johnson, L A D Williams, E V Roberts (Jamaica) Pesticide Science: Vol. 50 No. 3 July 1997

Malpezzi EL, 1994, Antimitotic action of extracts of Petiveria alliacea on sea urchin egg development. Braz J Med Biol Res 27(3), 749-754 (1994)

Hoyos LS, 1992, Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of a folk medicine, Petiveria alliacea (Anamu). Mutat Res 280(1), 29-34 (1992)

Giron LM, 1991. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 34(2-3), 173-187 (1991)

Ferraz MB, 1991, The effectiveness of tipi in the treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis--a preliminary report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86, 241-243 (1991)

de Lima TC, 1991 Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Petiveria alliacea (Guine) in animals. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86, 153-158 (1991)

Lores RI, 1990 Petiveria alleaceae L. (anamu). Study of the hypoglycemic effect. Med Interne 28(4), 347-352 (1990)

Saiki M, 1990 Determination of inorganic components in Brazilian medicinal plants by neutron activation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 26-27, 743-750 (1990)

Lopez C.,G.;Rodriguez B.,A.V.;Julio A.,C.(1988): Estudio químico-biológico de la raíz de la Petiveria alliacea L.(Anamú). Tesis Universitaria, Dep. de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana.

Szczepanski C von, 1972 Isolation, structural analysis and synthesis of an antimicrobial substance from Petiveria alliacea L Arzneimittelforschung 22(11), 1975-1976 (1972)

Rocha AB, 1969 Thin layer chromatographic analysis of coumarins and preliminary test for some active substance in the root of Petiveria alliacea L Rev Fac Farm Odontol Araraquara 3(1), 65-72 (1969)

Estevez,Antonio; Resultados de la actividad antitumoral y toxica del principio activo de la Petiveria alliacea Linn. Rev Cub Farm;10(1):81-84, 1976.

Torre Melis,Rosa Ana de la; Caracterizacion Farmacologica y Toxicologica de Petiveria alliacea (anamu) I.Evaluacion de la actividad antimicrobiana. Rev Cub Farm; 28(1):55-59, 1994.

Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi.
Berger I, et al.
J Ethnopharmacol 1998 Sep;62(2):107-15
The activities of crude plant extracts of five plants popularly used in Guatemala against bacterial and protozoal infections and some of their fractions have been evaluated against the trypomastigote and epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro. The most active fraction of Neurolaena lobata has also been screened in vivo. Main in vitro activities against trypomastigotes have been observed for the hexane and ethanol extracts of N. lobata (Asteraceae). Both extracts were also active against epimastigotes, whereas all other extracts tested had no effect on epimastigotes. For the hexane extracts of Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) and Tridax procumbens (Asteraceae) a marked inhibition of trypomastigotes has been found. Also the ethanol extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) leafs and Gliricidia sepium (Papilionaceae) bark showed some trypanocidal activity. Fraction 2 of the ethanol extract of N. lobata was highly active against T. cruzi as well in vitro as in vivo. The chloroforme fraction of P. alliacea showed a high inhibition of trypomastigotes in vitro. Also three fractions of the active extract of B. crassifolia inhibited T. cruzi trypomastigotes. No fraction of G. sepium bark extract showed a marked trypanocidal activity.

FITOTERAPIA LXIX (1), 3-6, 1998
The uterine contractile effect of Petiveria alliacea seeds
F.S. Oluwole, A.F. Bolarinwa
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Receveid September 16, 1996 - Accepted (revised) July 6, 1997.
SUMMARY: A decoction of P. alliacea and its various parts have been widely used in different countries for many purposes, including treatment of dysmenorrhoea and as an abortifacient and emmenagogue. This study shows that the seed methanolic extract (MEPA) causes contraction of the rat uterus. Also, in isolated rat uterine strips, MEPAcaused an increase in frequency and force of contraction on the contractile response tooxytocin. The contractile effect of MEPA may involve prostaglandin synthesis since indomethacin reduced the frequency and amplitude of uterine contraction.

Anntimitotic action of extracts of Petiveria alliacea on sea urchin egg development.
Malpezzi EL, Davino SC, Costa LV, Freitas JC, Giesbrecht AM, Roque NF
Departamento de Fisiologia Geral, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil.
Braz J Med Biol Res 1994 Mar;27(3):749-754
The hydroethanol extract of the roots of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) has been investigated previously as an antitumor agent against mouse Ehrlich ascites. The extract and its methanol, butanol and ether fractions exhibited an antimitotic effect on sea urchin egg development. The aqueous fraction did not produce inhibition of cell cleavage. At the first cleavage the inhibition, at the lowest concentration (10 micrograms/ml), produced by the ether fraction was 42%, whereas the inhibition produced by the total extract and by the other fractions was only 5 to 10% showing that the ether fraction was the most active. Even at higher concentrations the butanol and methanol fractions inhibit the cleavage about 30%. At the first cleavage, the ED50 of the hydroethanol extract and of the ether fraction were 45.02 and 12.40 micrograms/ml, respectively. Furthermore, in the second cleavage, the hydroethanol extract was about twice as potent as the methanol or butanol fractions (ED50 of 22.40, 44.80 and 54.10 micrograms/ml, respectively).

Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of a folk medicine, Petiveria alliacea (Anamu).
Hoyos LS, Au WW, Heo MY, Morris DL, Legator MS
University of Cauca, Department of Biology, Papayan, Colombia.
Mutat Res 1992 Jul;280(1):29-34
Crude extract from a plant known as Petiveria alliacea (Anamu) is used extensively as folkmedicine in developing countries like Colombia, South America. Although the plant is known to contain toxic ingredients potential adverse health effects from its use have not been adequately evaluated. We investigated its genotoxic activities by conducting a sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay using cells in vitro and in vivo. Lymphocytes from humans were treated at 24 h after initiation of culture for 6 h with alcohol extract from the folk medicine. Concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 250, 275, 500, 750, and 1000 micrograms/ml of the extract were used. Significant dose-dependent increase of SCE (3.7-7.4 SCE per cell) were observed (analysis of variances, p less than 0.01). Delay in cell proliferation but not inhibition of mitosis was also observed. In another experiment, mice were exposed once orally to 1x, 200x, 300x and 400x the human daily consumption dose of Anamu. The induction of sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells were investigated. We observed a significant dose dependent increase of SCE compared with the saline control (2.15-4.53; p less than 0.01) and compared with the solvent control (3.04-4.53; p less than 0.01). Our data suggest, therefore, that the folk medicine contains mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents although the medicine is not a potent mutagen. Individuals who consume large amounts of this drug may be at risk for development of health problems. Further studies with cells from exposed individuals and from experimental animals should be conducted to provide a better evaluation of health risk from the use of this drug.

Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala.
Giron LM, Freire V, Alonzo A, Caceres A
Center for Mesoamerican Studies on Appropriate Technology (CEMAT), Guatemala City.
J Ethnopharmacol 1991 Sep;34(2-3):173-187
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among the Carib population of Guatemala in 1988-1989. In general terms, the sample surveyed possessed a relatively good standard of living. Results indicated that health services were utilized by the population, and that domestic medicine, mainly plants (96.9%) was used by 15% of the population. One hundred and nineteen plants used for medicinal purposes were collected, of which 102 (85.7%) could be identified; a list of these together with the information provided for each plant is presented. The most frequently reported plants used as medicine are: Acalypha arvensis, Cassia alata, Cymbopogon citratus, Melampodium divaricatum. Momordica charantia, Neurolaena lobata, Ocimum basilicum, Petiveria alliacea and Solanum nigrescens. Most of these plants are found in the region, but some are brought from the Highlands or outside of the country, such as Malva parviflora, Matricaria chamomilla, Peumus boldus, Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Tagetes lucida. This survey demonstrated that the Carib population of Guatemala has survived in a transcultural environment of African and native Amerindian beliefs.

The effectiveness of tipi in the treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis--a preliminary report.
Ferraz MB, Pereira RB, Coelho Andrade LE, Atra E
Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brasil.
images/Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1991;86 Suppl 2:241-243
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common painful inflammatory condition occurring mainly in the later half of life. Hip and knee are the joints mostly affected. Petiveria alliacea (tipi) popularly known as an anti-rheumatic medicine, has been used by OA patients to relief pain. This one-week cross-over double-blind trial has preliminary evaluated the analgesic effect of tipi tea in 14 patients with hip and knee OA. Imperata exaltata (sape) was used as the Placebo tea. The pain assessments that were made at baseline and before the start of the second treatment period by treatment groups were comparable. While taking tipi or placebo tea patients experienced a statistically significant improvement in pain on motion and pain at night. The comparison between the improvements reported while on tipi and placebo tea, however, did not disclose any statistically significant difference. At the conclusion of the study 7 patients preferred tipi tea and 6 preferred placebo tea (NS). Two patients reported insomnia, one during placebo treatment and the other during tipi treatment.

Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Petiveria alliacea (Guine) in animals.
de Lima TC, Morato GS, Takahashi RN
Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brasil.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1991;86 Suppl 2:153-158
Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) is a bush widely distributed in South America including Brazil, where it is popularly known as "guine", "pipi", "tipi" or "erva-de-tipi". Brazilian folk medicine attributes to the hot water infusion of its roots or leaves the following pharmacological properties: antipyretic, antispasmodic, abortifacient, antirrheumatic, diuretic, analgesic and sedative. The present study has evaluated the alleged effects of P. alliacea on central nervous system (CNS), particularly, the sedative and analgesic properties of root crude aqueous extract of this plant in mice and rats. This extract showed an antinociceptive effect in acetic acid--acetylcholine--and hypertonic saline--induced abdominal constrictions, but not in hot-plate and tail flick tests. P. alliacea did not produce any CNS depressor effect. Thus its antinociceptive action in animals can be responsible by its popular use as an analgesic.

Petiveria alleaceae L. (anamu). Study of the hypoglycemic effect.
Lores RI, Cires Pujol M
Postgraduate Department, Instituto Superior de Ciencias Medicas, La Habana, Cuba.
Med Interne 1990 Oct;28(4):347-352
The combined phytochemical and pharmaceutical study of Petiveria alleaceae L. (anamu) has shown the existence in the leaves and stems of the plant of a possible hypoglycemic active principle. Extracts from leaves and stem powder were found to produce a decrease of blood sugar concentration of more than 60% one hour after oral administration in male Balb/C mice weighing 20g fasted for 48 hours.

Determination of inorganic components in Brazilian medicinal plants by neutron activation analysis.
Saiki M, Vasconcellos MB, Sertie JA
Biol Trace Elem Res 1990 Jul;26-27:743-750
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Radiochemistry Division, Sao Paulo-SP, Brasil.
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied to multielemental determinations of medicinal extracts obtained from the plants. Cordia Verbenacea DC, Folidago Microglossa DC, and Petiveria Alliacea. Concentrations of the elements Al, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, and Zn have been determined in dried extracts of these herbs by short and long irradiations under a thermal neutron flux of 10(11)-10(13) n/cm2s in the IEA-R1 nuclear reactor. The NBS Tea Leaves (1572) and NIES Pepperbush (1) reference materials were analyzed simultaneously with the plant extracts. The results obtained in these analyses have shown a good accuracy and reproducibility of the method. The relative errors and the relative standard deviations were less than 10% for most of the elements analyzed.