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| JATOBA |
Family: Leguminosae
Genus: Hymenaea
Species: courbaril
Common Names: Jatoba, Jatobá, Stinking Toe, Algarrobo, Azucar huayo, Jataí, Copal, Brazilian Copal, Courbaril, Nazareno, Cayenne Copal, Demarara Copal, Gomme Animee, Pois Confiture, Guapinol, Guapinole, Loksi, South American Locust
Part Used: Bark, Leaves, Fruit
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| DESCRIPTION |
Properties/Actions: |
Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antifatigue, Anti-inflammatory,
Antioxidant, Anti-spasmodic, Astringent, Decongestant, Diuretic,
Expectorant, Hepatoprotective, Laxative, Stimulant, Stomachic,
Tonic, Vermifuge |
Phytochemicals: |
1-beta-(2 -(3-furyl)-ethyl)-1-alpha-2-alpha-5 -Alpha-trimethyl,
1-2-3-Naphthalene-5-carboxylic Acid1-2-3(-)(A)-5-6-7-octahydro,
1-beta-(3-methyl-4-carboxy-butanyl)-1-alpha-Naphthalene-5-carboxylic
Acid, 1-2- 3-4-4-(A)-5-6-7-octahydro,
1-beta-(Trans-3-methyl-4-carboxy-but-3-enyl)-
1-alpha-2-alpha-5-alpha- trimethyl, Astilibin, Beta-sitosterol,
Beta-Bourbonene, Alpha-Cadinene, Delta-Cadinene, Gamma-Cadinene,
Caryophyllene, (-)epi Catechin, Iso-Enantio Communic Acid,
Copacamphene, Copaene, Copalic acid, Cubebene, Copacamphene,
Alpha-Copaene, Beta-Copaene, Alpha-Cubebene, Cyclosativene,
Ent-Eperua-7-13-dien-15-oic Acid, Beta-Gurjunene, Hedychinene,
Alpha-Himachalene, Humulene, Alpha-Humulene, Beta-Humulene,
Beta-Huurolene, Ent-Lab-13-en-8-beta-ol-15-oic Acid,
Ent-Labdan-8-beta-ol-15-oic Acid, Alpha-Muurolene, Gamma-Muurolene,
Naphthalene-5-carboxylic Acid,1-2-3 Diterpene
-4-4-(A)-5-6-7-octahydro, Selina-4(14)-7-diene, Alpha-Selinene,
Beta-Selinene, Taxifolin-3-o-rhamnoside |
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Traditional Remedy: |
One-half to one cup bark decoction 1-3 times daily or 1-3 ml of a
4:1 tincture twice daily. 1 to 3 grams of powdered bark in tablets
or capsules or stirred into water or juice twice daily can be
substituted if desired. See Traditional Herbal Remedies
Preparation Methods page if necessary for definitions. |
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| ETHNOBOTANY: WORLDWIDE USES |
Brazil |
Ache(Stomach), Arthritis, Asthma, Athlete's Foot, Bladder,
Bronchitis, Bursitis, Cough, Cystitis, Decongestant, Energy, Fever,
Fungicide, Laryngitis, Prostatitis, Tonic |
Elsewhere |
Asthma, Beri-Beri, Blennorrhagia, Bronchitis, Cystitis,
Dyspepsia, Expectorant, Indigestion, Laryngitis, Liqueur, Malaria,
Rheumatism, Stomachic |
Guatemala |
Diuretic, Fever, Sudorific, Rheumatism |
Haiti |
Ache(Head), Antiseptic, Arthritis, Asthma, Bruise, Catarrh,
Diarrhea, Emphysema, Intestine, Kidney, Laxative, Respiratory,
Rheumatism, Sore, Spasm, Stomach |
Mexico |
Asthma, Catarrh, Purgative, Rheumatism, Sedative, Sore,
Venereal |
Panama |
Asthma, Diabetes, Diarrhea, Hypoglycemia, Stomach,
Ulcer(Mouth) |
Peru |
Cough, Cystitis, Diarrhea, Hepatitis, Prostatitis |
Venezuela |
Fracture, Lung, Vermifuge |
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Jatoba is a huge canopy tree growing up to 30 meters in
height and is indigenous to the Amazon Rainforest and parts of tropical
Central America. It produces bright green leaves, small red flowers, and
an oblong brown pod-like fruit which is edible. In the Peruvian Amazon
it is called Azucar huayo and the Brazilian name is Jatobá. At the base of the tree, a orange resinous gum collects
which is dug up and used to make incense and varnish. Indians in the
Amazon have long used this gum to make lip plates as well as employing
it as a medicine for a variety of purposes.(1-3) |
Jatoba has a long history of use by the Indigenous tribes of the
rainforest as well as in South American traditional medicine. The Karaja
Tribe in Peru and Creole tribes in Guyana macerate the bark for
diarrhea.(4, 5) The bark, sap or resin, and leaves are used
medicinally in the Peruvian Amazon for cystitis, hepatitis, prostatitis,
and cough.(6) In the Brazilian Amazon, the sap is used for
coughs and bronchitis, and a bark tea is used for stomach problems as
well as athlete's foot and foot fungus.(7, 8) Jatoba is still
employed in traditional medicine throughout South America. It was first
recorded in use in 1930. The bark was described by Dr. J. Monteiro Silva
as being carminative, sedative, and astringent and recommended for
hematuria, diarrhea, dysentery, general fatigue, dyspepsia,
constipation, bexiga, and hemoptysis while the resin was recommended for
all types of upper respiratory and cardio-pulmonary
problems.(9) According to Dr. Silva, whoever drinks Jatoba
tea feels ". . . strong and vigorous, with a good appetite, always ready
to work."(9) In 1965, the traditional uses of Jatoba were
still being employed much as they had been since the 1930's and a liquid
extract called Vinho de Jatoba was widely sold throughout
Brazil as a tonic and fortificant, for energy, and numerous other
disorders.(10) In Brazilian herbal medicine today, Jatoba
bark and resin is still recommended for the same indications and
problems as it has since 1930 and is documented to be tonic, stomachic,
astringent, balsamic, vermifuge, and hemostatic.(11, 12) Today, Jatoba bark tea is a quite popular drink of lumberjacks working
in the forests in Brazil because it is a natural energy tonic which
helps them work long hours without fatigue.(13) |
Jatoba has also shown good results with acute and chronic cystitis
and prostatitis.(13) Many practitioners today are discovering
that chronic prostatitis and cystitis problems can be fungal in natural
rather than bacterial. The widespread use of antibiotics to treat these
types of cases can actually kill off friendly bacteria which lives off
fungi and increase the chances of a fungal problem or encourage fungal
growth, even making the condition "chronic". When these types of chronic
prostatitis and cystitis cases react so quickly and/or dramatically to
Jatoba supplements, is it probably Jatoba's antifungal properties at
work rather than it's antibacterial properties. In traditional medicine
in Panama, the fruit is used to treat mouth ulcers and the leaves and
wood are used for diabetes.(14) In the United States, Jatoba
is used as a natural energy tonic, respiratory ailments like asthma,
laryngitis and bronchitis, as a douche for yeast infections, as a
decongestant, in the treatment of hemorrhages, bursitis, bladder
infections, arthritis, prostatitis, yeast and fungal infections,
cystitis, as well as topically for skin fungi like athlete's foot and
nail fungus.(15 - 17) |
The leaves Jatoba contain a group of phytochemicals called terpenes and phenolics which are responsible for
protecting the leaves of the tree from leaf fungus.(18, 19) These phytochemicals have been documented in several studies over the
years and the anti-fungal activity of Jatoba is attributed to these
chemicals found not only in the leaves but in the bark as well.(20
-22) Other clinical studies have been performed on the bark,
leaves and resin of Jatoba since the early 1970's which have shown that
it has anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, molluscicidal, and
anti-yeast activities which validifies its long history of effective
uses for numerous disorders.(23 - 27) In addition, a water
extract of Jatoba leaves demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity,
producing a significant reduction in plasma glucose
levels.(27) Jatoba bark also contains a flavonoid called
astilbin, which was shown to provide antioxidant and liver protecting
properties in a 1997 clinical study.(28, 29) |
| Footnotes: |
- Schultes, R.E., and Raffauf, 1990. The Healing Forest.
Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia, R.F.
Dioscorides Press, 1990.
- Duke, James and Vasquez, Rudolfo, 1994 Amazonian
Ethnobotanical Dictionary, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL
- Balee, William., 1994 Footprints of the Forest Ka'apor
Ethnobotany - the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an
Amazonian People Columbia University Press, New York.
- Vasquez, M.R., 1990. Useful Plants of Amazonian Peru., Spanish
Typescript. Second Draft. Filed with USDA'a National Agricultural
Library
- Plotkin, Mark, J., 1993. Tales of Shaman's Apprentice.
Penguin Books, Middlesex, England
- Rutter, R.A. 1990 Catalogo de Plantas Utiles de la Amazonia
Peruana. Instituto Linguistico de Verano. Yarinacocha, Peru. 349.
- Branch, L,C. & da Silva, I.M.F., 1983. Folk Medicine of Alter
do Chao, Para, Brazil. Acta Amazonica 13(5/6):737-797.
Manaus. Brazil
- Barros, G.S.G., and Matos, F.J.A., 1970., Pharmacological
Screening of some Brazilian Plants J.Pharm. Pharmacol. 22,
116
- Silva, 1930. Catalogo de Extractos Fluidos, Araija e
Cia.Ltd., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Cruz, G.L., Livro Verde das Plantas Medicinais e Industriais
do Brasil, 1st ed., 2nd Volume, Belo
Horizonte, Brazil.
- Cruz, G.L 1995., Dicionario das Plantas Uteis Do Brasil,
5th Ed. Rio de Janeiro (Bertrand Brasil 1995)
- de Almeida, E.R., 1993. Plantas Medicinais Brasileiras, Conhecimentos Populares E Cientificos. Hemus Editora Ltda.
Sau Paulo, Brazil.
- Bernardes, Antonio, 1984 A Pocketbook of Brazilian Herbs, Editora e Arta Ltda. Brazil.
- Gupta, M.P., et al., 1970. Q.J. Drug Res. 17, 115-130.
- Schwontkowski, Dr. Donna, 1993. HERBS OF THE AMAZON,
Traditional and Common Uses, Science Student BrainTrust
Publishing, Utah.
- Powerful and Unusual Herbs from the Amazon and China, 1993.
The World Preservation Society, Inc.
- Easterling, J. 1993 Traditional Uses of Rainforest Botanicals
- Arrhenius, S.P., et.al., Phytochemistry, 22 (1983) 471.
- Arrhenius, S.P., et.al., 1983., Inhibitory effects of Hymenaea and
Copaifera Leaf resins on the Leaf Fungus, Pestalotia
subcuticulari., Biochem Syst, Ecol. 11 4: 361-366
- Marsaioli, A.J., et.al., 1975. Diterpenes in the bark of Hymenaea
courbaril., Phytochemisty 14: 1882-1883
- Giral, F., et.al., 1979. Ethnopharmacognostic observation on
Panamanian medicinal plants. Part 1. Q J Crude Drug Res 167
3/4: 115-130
- Pinheiro de Sousa, M., et.al., 1974. Molluscicidal activity of
plants from Northeast Brazil. Rev Bras Fpesq Med Biol, 7 4:
389-394
- Rouquayrol, MZ., et al., 1980. Molluscicidal activity of essential
oils from Northeastern Brazilian plants. Rev Brasil Pesq Med
Biol. 13: 135-143.
- Verpoorte, R., et.al., 1987. Medicinal plants of Surinam. IV.
Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants. J
Ethnopharmacol 21 3: 315-318.
- Rahalison, L., et.al., 1993. Screening for antifungal activity of
Panamanian Plants., Inst J Pharmacog 31 1: 68-76.
- Caceres, A., et.al., 1991. Plants used in Guatemala for the
treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1: Screening of 38 plant
extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol 33: 3:277-283.
- Gupta, MP, 1990. Plants and Traditional medicine in Panama. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research Vol 4. Academic Press
Ltd, London.
- Lopez, JA., 1976 Isolation of astilbin and sitosterol from
Hymenaea courbaril. Phytochemisty 15: 2027F
- Closa D, et.al. Prostanoids and free radicals in Cl4C-induced
hepatotoxicity in rats: effect of astilbin. Prostaglandins Leukot
Essent Fatty Acids 1997 Apr;56(4):331-33
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| REFERENCED QUOTES ON JATOBA |
1 "This tonic and
energizer is used by lumberjacks in the Brazilian Rainforests to help
them feel strong and vigorous, keep a good appetite, and stay
productive. The tea is effective in respiratory ailments such as chronic
cough, asthma, lung weakness, laryngitis, and bronchitis. It works well
as a decongestant and has anti-fungal properties. Other uses of Jatoba
include the treatment of hemorrhage, bursitis, bladder infections, yeast
and fungal infections, cystitis, arthritis, and prostatitis."
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2
"Jatoba helps to decongest the urinary tract and can be excellent for
cystitis, and bladder and prostate infections. It has been used as a
system energizer, fortifier and decongestant. It has been used for
treating respiratory problems." 3 "ACTIONS: Decongests urinary tract,
Enhances treatment of cystitis and prostatitis, Anti-inflammatory to
bladder, System fortifier. TRADITIONAL USE: Jatoba is highly regarded as
a natural energy tonic. Besides being an energizer and tonic, Jatoba is
used for cystitis, prostatitis and diseases of the bladder. It has been
used for treating respiratory problems. It is a decongestant and
fortifier for the system. MERIDIAN INDICATIONS: Reduces damp heat in
Lower Burner, Disperses blood stagnation, Reduces inflammation, Clears
toxic pus, Painful urination / dribbling, Pain in testicles or prostate
EAV POINTS: Bladder, Bladder 65, Triple Warmer. CAUTION: If condition
persists, or in case of pain or high fever, consult your health care
practitioner." "Brazilian uses and Folklore: Jatoba tea is a natural
tonic for the organism. According to Dr. J. Monteiro Silva, whoever
drinks Jatoba tea feels". . . strong and vigorous, with a good appetite,
always ready to work". Lumberjacks who work in the forests of Brazil
generally take a jar of Jatoba tea or extract with them to drink during
the day: it gives them energy. Besides being an energizer and tonic,
Jatoba has also given very good results in cases of acute and chronic
cystitis and prostatitis. When mixed with a little honey it is
influential in treating respiratory problems such as bronchitis, chronic
coughs and asthma. The resin of the tree is employed externally as an
ointment to relieve aches and pains.Uses: For symptoms of cystitis,
prostatitis, bronchitis, asthma, and chronic coughs. Tonic and
energizer. Used in homeopathy as a mother tincture.
* Livro verde, p.
547." 10 "Hymenaea courbaril L. Fabaceae. "Algarrobo", "Azucar huayo".
Brazilians drink the sap for cough (BDS). Reportedly useful for
cystitis, hepatitis, prostatitis, and tuberculosis (RAR). Bark tea used
for athlete's foot or foot fungus (BDS). "Karaja", like "Creoles" take
macerated bark for diarrhea (RVM, MJP). Resin in old stumps used for
tinder (MJP)." "Hymenaea coubaril
Large tree of the old
fallow
SFS01: Secondary food source: fruit/seed edible
HHI22:
Household Items: pottery slip from resin
HHI31 Household items: trunk
of tree used as trough or receptacle for processing manioc
meal
FUE01: Fuel Sources: good firewood
FUE03: Fuel Sources:
resin/latex used for incandescense
MED10: Medicinal uses:
vermifuge
MED24: Medicinal uses: applied to wounded or sore
eyes
MED34: Medicinal uses: taken orally to stop excessive menstrual
discharge" 21 "LEGUMINOSAE
Hymenaea Linnaeus
Hymenaea has
two dozen species of tall unarmed, resiniferous trees distributed in
tropical parts of South America, Mexico and Cuba; the centre of
speciation lies in the Amazon. Some yield excellent varnish resins. One,
H. courbaril, has a yellowish or orange-colored resinous gum, collected
in lumps at the base of the tree or by wounding the bark; it is employed
as incense in churches and in the manufacture of varnishes. Terpenes and
phenolics are responsible for the inhibition of growth of leaf fungus on
these plants. (Arrhenius, 1983).
REFERENCES:
Arrhenius, S. P., C.
E. Foster et al., Phytochemistry 22 (1983) 471." |
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