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JATOBA
Family: Leguminosae
Genus: Hymenaea
Species: courbaril
Common Names: Jatoba, Jatobá, Stinking Toe, Algarrobo, Azucar huayo, Jataí, Copal, Brazilian Copal, Courbaril, Nazareno, Cayenne Copal, Demarara Copal, Gomme Animee, Pois Confiture, Guapinol, Guapinole, Loksi, South American Locust
Part Used: Bark, Leaves, Fruit
DESCRIPTION
Properties/Actions:
Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antifatigue, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-spasmodic, Astringent, Decongestant, Diuretic, Expectorant, Hepatoprotective, Laxative, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic, Vermifuge
Phytochemicals:
1-beta-(2 -(3-furyl)-ethyl)-1-alpha-2-alpha-5 -Alpha-trimethyl, 1-2-3-Naphthalene-5-carboxylic Acid1-2-3(-)(A)-5-6-7-octahydro, 1-beta-(3-methyl-4-carboxy-butanyl)-1-alpha-Naphthalene-5-carboxylic Acid, 1-2- 3-4-4-(A)-5-6-7-octahydro, 1-beta-(Trans-3-methyl-4-carboxy-but-3-enyl)- 1-alpha-2-alpha-5-alpha- trimethyl, Astilibin, Beta-sitosterol, Beta-Bourbonene, Alpha-Cadinene, Delta-Cadinene, Gamma-Cadinene, Caryophyllene, (-)epi Catechin, Iso-Enantio Communic Acid, Copacamphene, Copaene, Copalic acid, Cubebene, Copacamphene, Alpha-Copaene, Beta-Copaene, Alpha-Cubebene, Cyclosativene, Ent-Eperua-7-13-dien-15-oic Acid, Beta-Gurjunene, Hedychinene, Alpha-Himachalene, Humulene, Alpha-Humulene, Beta-Humulene, Beta-Huurolene, Ent-Lab-13-en-8-beta-ol-15-oic Acid, Ent-Labdan-8-beta-ol-15-oic Acid, Alpha-Muurolene, Gamma-Muurolene, Naphthalene-5-carboxylic Acid,1-2-3 Diterpene -4-4-(A)-5-6-7-octahydro, Selina-4(14)-7-diene, Alpha-Selinene, Beta-Selinene, Taxifolin-3-o-rhamnoside
Traditional Remedy:
One-half to one cup bark decoction 1-3 times daily or 1-3 ml of a 4:1 tincture twice daily. 1 to 3 grams of powdered bark in tablets or capsules or stirred into water or juice twice daily can be substituted if desired. See Traditional Herbal Remedies Preparation Methods page if necessary for definitions.
ETHNOBOTANY: WORLDWIDE USES
Brazil
Ache(Stomach), Arthritis, Asthma, Athlete's Foot, Bladder, Bronchitis, Bursitis, Cough, Cystitis, Decongestant, Energy, Fever, Fungicide, Laryngitis, Prostatitis, Tonic
Elsewhere
Asthma, Beri-Beri, Blennorrhagia, Bronchitis, Cystitis, Dyspepsia, Expectorant, Indigestion, Laryngitis, Liqueur, Malaria, Rheumatism, Stomachic
Guatemala
Diuretic, Fever, Sudorific, Rheumatism
Haiti
Ache(Head), Antiseptic, Arthritis, Asthma, Bruise, Catarrh, Diarrhea, Emphysema, Intestine, Kidney, Laxative, Respiratory, Rheumatism, Sore, Spasm, Stomach
Mexico
Asthma, Catarrh, Purgative, Rheumatism, Sedative, Sore, Venereal

Panama
Asthma, Diabetes, Diarrhea, Hypoglycemia, Stomach, Ulcer(Mouth)
Peru
Cough, Cystitis, Diarrhea, Hepatitis, Prostatitis
Venezuela
Fracture, Lung, Vermifuge
Jatoba is a huge canopy tree growing up to 30 meters in height and is indigenous to the Amazon Rainforest and parts of tropical Central America. It produces bright green leaves, small red flowers, and an oblong brown pod-like fruit which is edible. In the Peruvian Amazon it is called Azucar huayo and the Brazilian name is Jatobá. At the base of the tree, a orange resinous gum collects which is dug up and used to make incense and varnish. Indians in the Amazon have long used this gum to make lip plates as well as employing it as a medicine for a variety of purposes.(1-3)
Jatoba has a long history of use by the Indigenous tribes of the rainforest as well as in South American traditional medicine. The Karaja Tribe in Peru and Creole tribes in Guyana macerate the bark for diarrhea.(4, 5) The bark, sap or resin, and leaves are used medicinally in the Peruvian Amazon for cystitis, hepatitis, prostatitis, and cough.(6) In the Brazilian Amazon, the sap is used for coughs and bronchitis, and a bark tea is used for stomach problems as well as athlete's foot and foot fungus.(7, 8) Jatoba is still employed in traditional medicine throughout South America. It was first recorded in use in 1930. The bark was described by Dr. J. Monteiro Silva as being carminative, sedative, and astringent and recommended for hematuria, diarrhea, dysentery, general fatigue, dyspepsia, constipation, bexiga, and hemoptysis while the resin was recommended for all types of upper respiratory and cardio-pulmonary problems.(9) According to Dr. Silva, whoever drinks Jatoba tea feels ". . . strong and vigorous, with a good appetite, always ready to work."(9) In 1965, the traditional uses of Jatoba were still being employed much as they had been since the 1930's and a liquid extract called Vinho de Jatoba was widely sold throughout Brazil as a tonic and fortificant, for energy, and numerous other disorders.(10) In Brazilian herbal medicine today, Jatoba bark and resin is still recommended for the same indications and problems as it has since 1930 and is documented to be tonic, stomachic, astringent, balsamic, vermifuge, and hemostatic.(11, 12) Today, Jatoba bark tea is a quite popular drink of lumberjacks working in the forests in Brazil because it is a natural energy tonic which helps them work long hours without fatigue.(13)
Jatoba has also shown good results with acute and chronic cystitis and prostatitis.(13) Many practitioners today are discovering that chronic prostatitis and cystitis problems can be fungal in natural rather than bacterial. The widespread use of antibiotics to treat these types of cases can actually kill off friendly bacteria which lives off fungi and increase the chances of a fungal problem or encourage fungal growth, even making the condition "chronic". When these types of chronic prostatitis and cystitis cases react so quickly and/or dramatically to Jatoba supplements, is it probably Jatoba's antifungal properties at work rather than it's antibacterial properties. In traditional medicine in Panama, the fruit is used to treat mouth ulcers and the leaves and wood are used for diabetes.(14) In the United States, Jatoba is used as a natural energy tonic, respiratory ailments like asthma, laryngitis and bronchitis, as a douche for yeast infections, as a decongestant, in the treatment of hemorrhages, bursitis, bladder infections, arthritis, prostatitis, yeast and fungal infections, cystitis, as well as topically for skin fungi like athlete's foot and nail fungus.(15 - 17)
The leaves Jatoba contain a group of phytochemicals called terpenes and phenolics which are responsible for protecting the leaves of the tree from leaf fungus.(18, 19) These phytochemicals have been documented in several studies over the years and the anti-fungal activity of Jatoba is attributed to these chemicals found not only in the leaves but in the bark as well.(20 -22) Other clinical studies have been performed on the bark, leaves and resin of Jatoba since the early 1970's which have shown that it has anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, molluscicidal, and anti-yeast activities which validifies its long history of effective uses for numerous disorders.(23 - 27) In addition, a water extract of Jatoba leaves demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity, producing a significant reduction in plasma glucose levels.(27) Jatoba bark also contains a flavonoid called astilbin, which was shown to provide antioxidant and liver protecting properties in a 1997 clinical study.(28, 29)
Footnotes:
  1. Schultes, R.E., and Raffauf, 1990. The Healing Forest. Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia, R.F. Dioscorides Press, 1990.

  2. Duke, James and Vasquez, Rudolfo, 1994 Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL

  3. Balee, William., 1994 Footprints of the Forest Ka'apor Ethnobotany - the Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian People Columbia University Press, New York.

  4. Vasquez, M.R., 1990. Useful Plants of Amazonian Peru., Spanish Typescript. Second Draft. Filed with USDA'a National Agricultural Library

  5. Plotkin, Mark, J., 1993. Tales of Shaman's Apprentice. Penguin Books, Middlesex, England

  6. Rutter, R.A. 1990 Catalogo de Plantas Utiles de la Amazonia Peruana. Instituto Linguistico de Verano. Yarinacocha, Peru. 349.

  7. Branch, L,C. & da Silva, I.M.F., 1983. Folk Medicine of Alter do Chao, Para, Brazil. Acta Amazonica 13(5/6):737-797. Manaus. Brazil

  8. Barros, G.S.G., and Matos, F.J.A., 1970., Pharmacological Screening of some Brazilian Plants J.Pharm. Pharmacol. 22, 116

  9. Silva, 1930. Catalogo de Extractos Fluidos, Araija e Cia.Ltd., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

  10. Cruz, G.L., Livro Verde das Plantas Medicinais e Industriais do Brasil, 1st ed., 2nd Volume, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

  11. Cruz, G.L 1995., Dicionario das Plantas Uteis Do Brasil, 5th Ed. Rio de Janeiro (Bertrand Brasil 1995)

  12. de Almeida, E.R., 1993. Plantas Medicinais Brasileiras, Conhecimentos Populares E Cientificos. Hemus Editora Ltda. Sau Paulo, Brazil.

  13. Bernardes, Antonio, 1984 A Pocketbook of Brazilian Herbs, Editora e Arta Ltda. Brazil.

  14. Gupta, M.P., et al., 1970. Q.J. Drug Res. 17, 115-130.

  15. Schwontkowski, Dr. Donna, 1993. HERBS OF THE AMAZON, Traditional and Common Uses, Science Student BrainTrust Publishing, Utah.

  16. Powerful and Unusual Herbs from the Amazon and China, 1993. The World Preservation Society, Inc.

  17. Easterling, J. 1993 Traditional Uses of Rainforest Botanicals

  18. Arrhenius, S.P., et.al., Phytochemistry, 22 (1983) 471.

  19. Arrhenius, S.P., et.al., 1983., Inhibitory effects of Hymenaea and Copaifera Leaf resins on the Leaf Fungus, Pestalotia subcuticulari., Biochem Syst, Ecol. 11 4: 361-366

  20. Marsaioli, A.J., et.al., 1975. Diterpenes in the bark of Hymenaea courbaril., Phytochemisty 14: 1882-1883

  21. Giral, F., et.al., 1979. Ethnopharmacognostic observation on Panamanian medicinal plants. Part 1. Q J Crude Drug Res 167 3/4: 115-130

  22. Pinheiro de Sousa, M., et.al., 1974. Molluscicidal activity of plants from Northeast Brazil. Rev Bras Fpesq Med Biol, 7 4: 389-394

  23. Rouquayrol, MZ., et al., 1980. Molluscicidal activity of essential oils from Northeastern Brazilian plants. Rev Brasil Pesq Med Biol. 13: 135-143.

  24. Verpoorte, R., et.al., 1987. Medicinal plants of Surinam. IV. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 21 3: 315-318.

  25. Rahalison, L., et.al., 1993. Screening for antifungal activity of Panamanian Plants., Inst J Pharmacog 31 1: 68-76.

  26. Caceres, A., et.al., 1991. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1: Screening of 38 plant extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol 33: 3:277-283.

  27. Gupta, MP, 1990. Plants and Traditional medicine in Panama. Economic and Medicinal Plant Research Vol 4. Academic Press Ltd, London.

  28. Lopez, JA., 1976 Isolation of astilbin and sitosterol from Hymenaea courbaril. Phytochemisty 15: 2027F

  29. Closa D, et.al. Prostanoids and free radicals in Cl4C-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: effect of astilbin. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1997 Apr;56(4):331-33
REFERENCED QUOTES ON JATOBA
1 "This tonic and energizer is used by lumberjacks in the Brazilian Rainforests to help them feel strong and vigorous, keep a good appetite, and stay productive. The tea is effective in respiratory ailments such as chronic cough, asthma, lung weakness, laryngitis, and bronchitis. It works well as a decongestant and has anti-fungal properties. Other uses of Jatoba include the treatment of hemorrhage, bursitis, bladder infections, yeast and fungal infections, cystitis, arthritis, and prostatitis."
2 "Jatoba helps to decongest the urinary tract and can be excellent for cystitis, and bladder and prostate infections. It has been used as a system energizer, fortifier and decongestant. It has been used for treating respiratory problems." 3 "ACTIONS: Decongests urinary tract, Enhances treatment of cystitis and prostatitis, Anti-inflammatory to bladder, System fortifier. TRADITIONAL USE: Jatoba is highly regarded as a natural energy tonic. Besides being an energizer and tonic, Jatoba is used for cystitis, prostatitis and diseases of the bladder. It has been used for treating respiratory problems. It is a decongestant and fortifier for the system. MERIDIAN INDICATIONS: Reduces damp heat in Lower Burner, Disperses blood stagnation, Reduces inflammation, Clears toxic pus, Painful urination / dribbling, Pain in testicles or prostate EAV POINTS: Bladder, Bladder 65, Triple Warmer. CAUTION: If condition persists, or in case of pain or high fever, consult your health care practitioner." "Brazilian uses and Folklore: Jatoba tea is a natural tonic for the organism. According to Dr. J. Monteiro Silva, whoever drinks Jatoba tea feels". . . strong and vigorous, with a good appetite, always ready to work". Lumberjacks who work in the forests of Brazil generally take a jar of Jatoba tea or extract with them to drink during the day: it gives them energy. Besides being an energizer and tonic, Jatoba has also given very good results in cases of acute and chronic cystitis and prostatitis. When mixed with a little honey it is influential in treating respiratory problems such as bronchitis, chronic coughs and asthma. The resin of the tree is employed externally as an ointment to relieve aches and pains.Uses: For symptoms of cystitis, prostatitis, bronchitis, asthma, and chronic coughs. Tonic and energizer. Used in homeopathy as a mother tincture.
* Livro verde, p. 547." 10 "Hymenaea courbaril L. Fabaceae. "Algarrobo", "Azucar huayo". Brazilians drink the sap for cough (BDS). Reportedly useful for cystitis, hepatitis, prostatitis, and tuberculosis (RAR). Bark tea used for athlete's foot or foot fungus (BDS). "Karaja", like "Creoles" take macerated bark for diarrhea (RVM, MJP). Resin in old stumps used for tinder (MJP)." "Hymenaea coubaril
Large tree of the old fallow
SFS01: Secondary food source: fruit/seed edible
HHI22: Household Items: pottery slip from resin
HHI31 Household items: trunk of tree used as trough or receptacle for processing manioc meal
FUE01: Fuel Sources: good firewood
FUE03: Fuel Sources: resin/latex used for incandescense
MED10: Medicinal uses: vermifuge
MED24: Medicinal uses: applied to wounded or sore eyes
MED34: Medicinal uses: taken orally to stop excessive menstrual discharge" 21 "LEGUMINOSAE
Hymenaea Linnaeus
Hymenaea has two dozen species of tall unarmed, resiniferous trees distributed in tropical parts of South America, Mexico and Cuba; the centre of speciation lies in the Amazon. Some yield excellent varnish resins. One, H. courbaril, has a yellowish or orange-colored resinous gum, collected in lumps at the base of the tree or by wounding the bark; it is employed as incense in churches and in the manufacture of varnishes. Terpenes and phenolics are responsible for the inhibition of growth of leaf fungus on these plants. (Arrhenius, 1983).
REFERENCES:
Arrhenius, S. P., C. E. Foster et al., Phytochemistry 22 (1983) 471."
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